拒付反駁電的內(nèi)在邏輯

作者:交通銀行 陳建宏

交通銀行 胡 捷

來源:天九灣貿(mào)易金融圈

我們需要的不是唇槍舌劍,而是好好地理順自己的邏輯,找出依據(jù)的道理,以保證順利收匯。

銀行國際結(jié)算從業(yè)人員經(jīng)常遇到對方銀行發(fā)來的拒付電,這其中有很多或是錯(cuò)誤拒付,或是無理拒付,或是無效拒付。對此,唇槍舌劍未必能取得理想的效果。那么,如何才能有理有據(jù)地反駁這些拒付電并力爭追回款項(xiàng)呢?本文將通過理清拒付反駁電的內(nèi)在邏輯并進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié),來解決這一困惑。

對錯(cuò)誤拒付的反駁邏輯

錯(cuò)誤拒付一般是由于對方未認(rèn)真審核單據(jù)或?qū)τ趪H慣例掌握不熟練。對此,我方的反駁邏輯應(yīng)是先擺清事實(shí),然后講依據(jù),最后得出結(jié)論。

示例:

某出口公司向?qū)Ψ姐y行提交了簽字方式如下的提單:

FOR AND ON BEHALF OF HANSA INTERNATIONAL CO.,LTD

PERSON NAME (SIGNATURE)

AS CARRIER

(以上為船公司蓋章,以下為提單印就文字)

DATED AT XXX

AS AGENT ONLY

對方銀行拒付電文:B ill of lading unable to determine the capacity of the signor, due to signature indicating both “As Carrier” and “As Agent”.(提單簽發(fā)不明,因?yàn)楹炞滞瑫r(shí)顯示了“As Carrier”和“As Agent”。)

我方反駁拒付電文:Please take note that our B/L was signed by the carrier with stamp and signature indicating the shipping company's name identified as carrier, thus complies with Art.20a(i) of UCP600. We also draw your attention to R770 (TA684) issued by ICC Banking Commission which concludes that a superimposed stamp or other form of notation that provides evidence of the name and capacity of the party signing the transport document will supersede any pre-printed wording that may imply a different form of signing for that bill of lading. Therefore, we insist that this discrepancy is not valid at all and our docs constitute a complying presentation. You are liable to make payment without deducting any discrepancy fee under advice to us ASAP. (請注意,我方提單由承運(yùn)人簽署,簽署方式是蓋章,其中表明了船公司的身份是承運(yùn)人,簽署方式符合UCP中20A(I)的要求。我方同時(shí)提醒你方注意:R770的結(jié)論表明運(yùn)輸單據(jù)上的簽署方式名稱和身份后加蓋的印戳或其他形式的批注,將取代任何預(yù)先印就的、可能意指不同的簽署形式的措辭。因此,我方認(rèn)為你方所提不符點(diǎn)無效,我方是相符交單,你方應(yīng)盡快承付且不得扣除不符點(diǎn)費(fèi)。)

反駁邏輯分析:

首先,擺事實(shí)。在這里,事實(shí)有兩層含義,第一層是對單據(jù)上的所載的事實(shí)進(jìn)行客觀描述,第二層通過描述客觀事實(shí)得出事實(shí)所表明的含義。在此案中,第一層是我方對提單的簽字情況所進(jìn)行的描述,第二層是我方表明了這份提單是由承運(yùn)人簽署,并表明了承運(yùn)人的身份,這是我方基于事實(shí)所做的判斷。

其次,講依據(jù)。這里的依據(jù)主要是指的國際慣例,包括UCP、ISBP及正式出版的國際商會(huì)意見。講依據(jù)有兩個(gè)要點(diǎn):第一點(diǎn),如果引用的是UCP及ISBP,可以盡量的簡略,只需要指出具體出自哪一條那一款即可,除特殊情況外,無需具體闡述。原因在于,國際結(jié)算從業(yè)人員對這兩個(gè)慣例很熟悉,無需重復(fù)贅述。第二點(diǎn),如果援引國際商會(huì)意見,則要具體到國際商會(huì)意見的分析或者結(jié)論。因?yàn)閲H商會(huì)意見的案例本身及分析結(jié)論都很長,如果只是籠統(tǒng)地說援引哪條意見,則會(huì)讓對方不知所云,使反駁的效果大打折扣。

最后,出結(jié)論。總結(jié)有四個(gè)要素:①對方的不符點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的;②我方的交單是相符的;③要求對方付款;④要求對方不扣不符點(diǎn)費(fèi)。

其中①和②是我方反駁要達(dá)到的直接目的,即對方所提不符點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤,我方的交單是相符的;③和④則是我方反駁的最終目的,即要求在不扣除不符點(diǎn)的情況下全額付款給我方。雖然在實(shí)務(wù)中有不少銀行在最終付款時(shí)仍扣除了不符點(diǎn)費(fèi),但也確實(shí)有很多銀行未扣除不符點(diǎn)費(fèi)而全額付款,說明據(jù)理力爭還是很有效果的。

對無效拒付的反駁邏輯

無效拒付有四種:①未表明不符點(diǎn)或者不符點(diǎn)表述不清楚;②未表明拒付;③拒付電超出5個(gè)工作日;④未表明單據(jù)處置狀態(tài)。以下將對這4種無效拒付的反駁電逐一分析。對此,我方基本的反駁邏輯是點(diǎn)出對方拒付無效,然后擺事實(shí),之后引依據(jù),最后出結(jié)論。

示例1:拒付電所提不符點(diǎn)模糊不清

信用證規(guī)定:Apple, Pear and Orange (允許部分發(fā)運(yùn))

發(fā)票及其他單據(jù)顯示:Apple

開證行拒付:Goods description not as per L/C terms .【加中譯文】

我方反駁拒付電文:Please take note that this discrepancy is ambiguous without indicating goods description shown on which document differs from the L/C, thus you are precluded from claiming the presentation is discrepant according to sub-article 16(c) and (f) of UCP600.Furthermore, goods description shown on the commercial invoice and other documents is strictly as per L/C 45a.We draw your attention to Para.c4) of ISBP 745 which stipulates that the description of goods on an invoice is to reflect what has actually been shipped. In this case, only ‘Apple’ was shipped and L/C allows partial shipments, thus ‘Apple’ was shown on the docs as goods description.(請你方注意,你方所提不符點(diǎn)是含糊不清的,因?yàn)槲幢砻髂姆N單據(jù)上的貨描與信用證不一致。因此,根據(jù)UCP600之16條C及F款,你方無權(quán)宣稱交單不符。此外,出現(xiàn)在發(fā)票和其他單據(jù)上的貨描是與L/C 45A嚴(yán)格相符的,請你方注意ISBP745第C4條,這條說明發(fā)票上的貨描是反映實(shí)際裝運(yùn)的。)

示例2:拒付電未表明“拒付”

我方反駁拒付電文:Please be advised that your MT999 DD 140108 is null and void as you merely list the discrepancy without stating whether you have refused to honor, thus you are precluded from claiming the docs to be discrepant according to Art.16c(i) and Art.16f of UCP600.(請注意,你方于2014年1月8日所發(fā)MT799拒付電是無效的,因?yàn)槟惴絻H僅列出了不符點(diǎn),并未表明拒付。根據(jù) Art.16c〔i〕 and Art.16f of UCP600,你方無權(quán)宣稱交單不符。)

示例3:拒付電超出5個(gè)工作日

Doc. sent on 2013-12-17

Acknowledged on 2013-12-24 by NIZAM

DHL tracking no.6300591102

Your MT734 sent on 140107【加中譯文】

我方反駁拒付電文:Please take note that your MT734 was sent later than the fifth banking day following your receipt of our presentation, thus your advice of refusal was invalid and you are precluded from claiming the presentation to be discrepant according to art.16(d) and art.16(f) of ucp600.(請注意,你方的拒付電遲于收到我方單據(jù)后的5個(gè)工作日。根據(jù)UCP600 16(D)及16(F),你方拒付無效,無權(quán)宣稱交單不符。)

示例4:拒付電未表明單據(jù)處置狀態(tài)

我方反駁拒付電文:Pls take note that you merely listed the discrepancies without stating whether you have refused to honour and the disposal instructions of the documents, thus you are precluded from claiming our documents to be discrepant according to sub-article 16f of UCP600.therefore, pls confirm us the current status of the documents and effect payment as per our cover letter instructions as ap.(請你方注意,你方僅僅列出了不符點(diǎn),并未表明拒絕承付且未表明單據(jù)如何處置,因此根據(jù)UCP16條,你方無權(quán)宣稱交單不符。請告知我方單據(jù)目前狀態(tài),并根據(jù)我方面函指示盡快付款。)

反駁邏輯分析:

在示例1中,我方的反駁邏輯如下:①指出對方的不符點(diǎn)含糊不清;②我方的依據(jù),為了增強(qiáng)說服力,在這里同時(shí)引用了UCP和ISBP;③判定我方交單相符,對方所提不符點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤。

在示例2中,我方的反駁邏輯如下:①指出對方拒付無效;②說明具體原因;③說明對方無權(quán)宣稱交單不符;④列出依據(jù)。

在示例3中,我方的反駁邏輯如下:①通過列出3個(gè)日期和1個(gè)快遞單號(hào)擺出具體事實(shí),這3個(gè)日期是我方單據(jù)發(fā)送日期,對方單據(jù)接受日期及對方拒付電發(fā)送日期,1個(gè)快遞單號(hào)是通常采用的DHL或UPS等快遞單號(hào),以便供對方查詢具體事實(shí)。②說明對方提出的不符點(diǎn)無效 ③指出依據(jù):UCP16條d款及f款。

在示例4中,我方的反駁邏輯如下:①表明對方的拒付無效及原因;②引用國際慣例;③給對方發(fā)出指示,要求其通知我方單據(jù)狀態(tài)并付款。

對可以改單類拒付的反駁邏輯

示例:

信用證期限:90Days after B/L Date

匯票顯示:90Days after B/L Date(09JAN2014)

開證行拒付電文:B/L Date not mentioned on draft, unable to determine maturity date on draft.(信用證日期沒有在匯票上顯示,無法決定匯票的到期日。)

此拒付是常見的一種情況,即對方為了拒付而歪曲事實(shí),因此我方反駁如下:Please take note that our draft has clearly indicated the B/L date 09JAN2014 in the tenor, thus we insist that this discrepancy is not valid at all. Please recheck this matter at your end carefully. Nonetheless, we have today sent you a new set of drafts for substitution in order to settle this matter quickly and smoothly. Upon receipt of the new drafts, you are liable to honor our complying presentation without deducting any disc. fee under advice to us ASAP.(請注意,我方的匯票已經(jīng)清楚地表明了提單日期為2014年1月9日,因此我方認(rèn)為不符點(diǎn)是無效的,請你方再此仔細(xì)確認(rèn)。此外,我方今天給你方寄了一套新的匯票以替代舊的匯票,請你方盡快處理。你方一旦收到新的匯票,應(yīng)盡快承付我方的相符交單,且勿扣除不符點(diǎn)費(fèi)。)

反駁邏輯分析:

首先,擺出事實(shí),指出對方拒付的無理,不要因?qū)Ψ降墓室饩芨抖鴳岩晌曳剿膮R票的正確性。

其次,提出用新的單據(jù)替換舊的單據(jù),這里的單據(jù)主要是受益人出具或者受益人能控制的單據(jù),例如發(fā)票、貨票或產(chǎn)地證,且替換單據(jù)要在交單期內(nèi)。

最后,換單相符后要求對方付款,且不得扣除不符點(diǎn)費(fèi)。

對催收無效類拒付的反駁邏輯

有的時(shí)候,我們會(huì)遇到無理拒付且經(jīng)催收仍拒不付款的銀行(一般可能是孟加拉及非洲等地的銀行)。此時(shí),如果長期反駁及反復(fù)催促付款仍無效,我們應(yīng)該采取警告措施。警告措施包括兩種:一種是收取利息,即經(jīng)濟(jì)意義上的警告;另一種是采取法律措施,即司法意義上的警告,或者兩種手段兼用,以此達(dá)到最佳的效果。此警告可與我方正常反駁電文結(jié)合起來使用。

示例1:警告將收取遲付利息

我方反駁拒付電文:PLS NOTE: We reserve the right to claim interest charges and all related fees due to your delayed payment. Interest charges will be calculated commencing from the date of maturity, i.e. xxx, until the date of receipt of the proceeds at the rate applicable under our internal regulations.(我方保留向你方索要利息及相關(guān)費(fèi)用的權(quán)力,利息將從到期日起算,直至實(shí)際付款日截止,利息的計(jì)算方式如下:……)

示例2:警告將采取法律手段

我方反駁拒付電文:PLS NOTE: We reserve the right to take legal action against your good bank regarding this issue.(請注意:我方保留向貴行采取法律措施的權(quán)利。)

反駁邏輯分析:

一是表明將收取對方遲付的利息,且為了增強(qiáng)說服效果,要列出利息的計(jì)算方式。

二是直接指出我方將采取法律措施,以震懾對方。

對非開證行類拒付的反駁邏輯

很多時(shí)候,拒付我們的不一定是開證行,而是指定銀行、保兌行或轉(zhuǎn)讓行。對此,我們要區(qū)別對待,除了正常的反駁電之外,還要對相關(guān)措施進(jìn)行調(diào)整。

對普通指定銀行的拒付示例:

對指定銀行獨(dú)立審單拒付電的反駁:You are liable to honor our complying presentation as per instructions on our cover letter ASAP.(你方應(yīng)根據(jù)我方面函指示,盡快承付我們的相符交單。)

對指定銀行轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)開證行拒付電的反駁:You are liable to advise the same to issuing bank and urge them to make payment without deducting any disc. fee as per our cover letter instructions ASAP.(你方應(yīng)盡快通知開證行我方反駁電,并且催促開證行按照我方面函指示付款,且不應(yīng)扣不符點(diǎn)費(fèi)。)

對保兌行的拒付示例:

要求承擔(dān)保兌責(zé)任:Since this L/C bears confirmation of your good bank, you are liable to make payment without deducting any disc. fee ASAP.(因?yàn)樾庞米C經(jīng)貴行保兌,所以你方應(yīng)盡快付款,且不應(yīng)扣除不符點(diǎn)費(fèi)。)

要求保兌行轉(zhuǎn)單至開證行:In default of your confirming bank's undertaking as per art.8 of UCP600, we are entitled to demand payment from the issuing bank according to art.7-a(ii) of UCP600. Therefore you are liable to forward the docs to issuing bank as per beneficiary's instructions without further delay.(既然你方未能根據(jù)UCP第8款盡到保兌行的義務(wù),我方有權(quán)要求開證行付款。根據(jù)UCP7-a〔ii〕,你方應(yīng)根據(jù)受益人的指示,毫不延遲地將單據(jù)提交至開證行。)

對轉(zhuǎn)讓行拒付示例:

我方反駁拒付電文:You are liable to advise the same to issuing bank and urge them to make payment without deducting any disc. fee as per our cover letter instructions ASAP.(你方應(yīng)盡快將我方反駁電通知至開證行并催促開證行根據(jù)我方面函指示付款,且不得扣除任何不符點(diǎn)費(fèi)。但是有種特例,例如不符點(diǎn)由第一受益人換單造成。)

反駁邏輯分析:

首先,對指定銀行和轉(zhuǎn)讓行,我方的反駁主要是要求其將我方拒付反駁電轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)至開證行,或要求對方承付,或要求對方催促開證行付款,且不得扣除不符點(diǎn)費(fèi)。

其次,對保兌行,主要是要求對方承擔(dān)保兌責(zé)任。如對方堅(jiān)持錯(cuò)誤拒付,則應(yīng)要求對方立即轉(zhuǎn)單至開證行。

通過上述的詳盡分析,可以歸納概括出5種拒付反駁電的邏輯:反駁錯(cuò)誤拒付的邏輯、反駁無效拒付的邏輯、反駁可以改單類拒付的邏輯、反駁催收無效類拒付的邏輯、反駁非開證行類拒付的邏輯。這5種反駁邏輯中的技術(shù)手段大概有11種,即:擺事實(shí);引依據(jù);強(qiáng)調(diào)我方的交單是相符的;要求將我方反駁電轉(zhuǎn)至開證行并要求開證行全額付款;要求替換單據(jù);指出對方不符點(diǎn)含糊不清;指出對方的不符點(diǎn)是無效的;指出對方的拒付無效;要求對方付款且不得扣除不符點(diǎn)費(fèi);警告收取利息;警告采取法律措施。我們需要的不是唇槍舌劍,而是要好好地理順自己的邏輯,找出依據(jù)的道理。憑借本文提出的5種邏輯和11種反駁技術(shù),一定會(huì)讓對方心服口服,達(dá)到順利收匯的目的。

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